The Tower of Babel 2.0: How Language Divides Us in the 21st Century

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In the biblical story of the Tower of Babel, humanity's hubris and desire for a unified language led to their downfall and the scattered peoples across the earth, each speaking a different tongue. Today, we face a Tower of Babel 2.0—a digital age where the proliferation of information and communication speed have paradoxically amplified misunderstandings, biases, and division.

According to data from the Mental Health Foundation, approximately one in six individuals in the United Kingdom report experiencing a common mental health issue, such as anxiety or depression, within any given week.

Words as Weapons: The Linguistic War on "Others"

Language shapes our perceptions and attitudes, either building bridges or erecting barriers. Media representations often reflect and perpetuate biases, using double standards in terminology that favour certain groups over others.

A 2021 report by the Runnymede Trust underscores the detrimental effects of media stereotypes and negative language on ethnic minority groups, which exacerbate discrimination and social exclusion (Kulick et al., 2017).

According to the Office for National Statistics (ONS), there was a 41% increase in racially motivated hate crimes in England and Wales between the years 2020 and 2021. Although not all hate crimes are directly related to language, offensive language frequently contributes to the perpetration of these crimes (Rehman et al., 2020).

Examples: The ongoing debate around the use of the term "British values" can be exclusionary for specific communities, including LGBTQIA+ individuals who may not see their identities or experiences reflected in these values. Additionally, the controversy surrounding the term "BAME" (Black, Asian, and Minority Ethnic) highlights its perceived homogenisation of diverse groups. This not only erases the unique experiences of various racial and ethnic communities but also overlooks the distinct challenges faced by individuals within these groups based on their sexual orientation, gender identity, and other intersecting factors.

For instance, within the LGBTQIA+ community, the experiences of a white gay man and a white lesbian woman can differ significantly. A gay man might face discrimination and stereotypes related to masculinity and homophobia, while a lesbian woman might encounter biphobia and erasure of lesbian identity in mainstream media. Similarly, the experiences of a Black trans woman and a white trans woman can be vastly different due to the intersection of race and gender identity. A Black trans woman is more likely to experience the compounded effects of racism and transphobia, including higher rates of violence and discrimination, compared to a white trans woman. These nuances underscore the importance of recognising the diverse experiences within marginalised groups and avoiding generalisations.

In today's interconnected world, the words we choose to describe others hold immense power. Language shapes our perceptions and attitudes and can build bridges or erect barriers. Unfortunately, some terms commonly used to describe people from different cultures and minorities can dehumanise and alienate, often without us even realising it. Media representations usually reflect and perpetuate these biases, using double standards in terminology that favour certain groups over others. Words like "illegal aliens" and "expats" are prime examples of how language can subtly diminish the humanity of individuals and perpetuate systemic biases.

The Weight of Words: Exposing Double Standards

When we refer to human beings as "illegal aliens," we strip away their humanity and reduce them to a status of unlawfulness and otherness. This term, laden with negative connotations, suggests that these individuals are not just in the wrong place but are inherently wrong themselves. It casts them as invaders, outsiders who do not belong, and fosters a climate of fear and hostility. Such phrasing overlooks the complex reasons behind migration, including economic necessity, political persecution, and the pursuit of a better life.

In contrast, "expat" often carries a more positive, privileged connotation and is typically reserved for Westerners living abroad. This selective usage creates a double standard: Western migrants are seen as adventurous and capable, while non-Western migrants are viewed with suspicion or pity. This dichotomy reinforces a hierarchy where some experiences are valued more highly than others, perpetuating an unequal global status quo.

Let me share a compelling story of a therapy client who sought refuge in the UK and faced discrimination fueled by dehumanising language from politicians and media outlets. This narrative underscores the profound emotional and psychological toll such language takes on their integration and overall well-being, shedding light on the human cost behind these harmful terms.

The Migration Observatory at the University of Oxford offers comprehensive data concerning the terminology employed by UK media about migrants and refugees. This dataset is instrumental in identifying patterns of bias and the prevalence of negative portrayals within media discourse.

More Examples of Double Standards in Language

• "Illegal Alien" vs "Undocumented Worker": The term "illegal alien" criminalises individuals, painting them as lawbreakers and outsiders. "Undocumented worker" is a more neutral term that acknowledges the person’s labour contribution without criminalising their presence.

• "Expats" vs. "Immigrants": Westerners living abroad are often called "expats," implying a temporary and privileged stay. People from non-Western countries are typically called "immigrants," which can carry connotations of permanence and economic struggle.

• "Terrorist" vs "Lone Wolf" or "Radical": When a person from a minority background commits an act of violence, they are often labelled a "terrorist," implying ideological motivation and a broader threat. Similar acts by white individuals are frequently described with more neutral terms like "shooter," "lone wolf," or "radical," suggesting isolated incidents without broader implications.

• "Riot" vs. "Protest": Demonstrations by minority groups are often labelled as "riots," focusing on disorder and lawlessness. Similar activities by predominantly white groups are more likely to be described as "protests" or "demonstrations," highlighting their political motivations and legitimacy. This is particularly relevant with the ongoing protests in Central London and around the world due to the Israeli bombardment of Palestinians.

A recent publication by the Equality and Human Rights Commission (EHRC) in the United Kingdom investigates unconscious bias and its influence on language utilisation within professional environments and other contexts.

In 2012, a policy was introduced in the UK that led to significant consequences, including the wrongful detention and deportation of many legal residents. This policy's language in official communications played a crucial role in what became known as the Windrush scandal.

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Recent Examples: Refugees and Double Standards

The recent response to Ukrainian refugees starkly illustrates the double standards in language and treatment. Governments in Western countries have provided financial incentives to host Ukrainian refugees, portraying them as deserving victims fleeing a tragic conflict. This humanitarian response stands in stark contrast to the language and policies directed at refugees and migrants from non-European countries.

People of colour seeking asylum, often crossing the Channel in search of a better life and fleeing persecution, are frequently described in dehumanising terms such as "invasion," "swarm," or "influx." These terms evoke images of uncontrolled masses threatening societal stability, which fosters fear and hostility among the public. Labels like "illegal immigrants," "aliens," "criminals," and "freeloaders" further criminalise and stigmatise these individuals, suggesting they are undeserving of compassion and support.

And then, of course, there's the amusingly absurd fear that refugees are coming to "take our jobs." It is as if someone is going to jump off a floatable device, stroll into an office, and eject employees from their chairs to take over their roles. This ludicrous scenario implies that refugees, exhausted and traumatised from their perilous journeys, will somehow waltz into high-powered positions without so much as a cup of tea or a job interview. It’s a dramatic and unrealistic portrayal that distracts from the real challenges and resilience of those seeking asylum.

This discrepancy in language and treatment can be attributed to deep-seated racial and cultural biases. The sympathetic portrayal of Ukrainian refugees is influenced by their perceived cultural and racial similarities to the host populations in Western countries. In contrast, refugees from Africa, the Middle East, and other regions are often seen through a lens of otherness and suspicion, exacerbating existing prejudices.

• The UK government provided extensive support to Ukrainian refugees, including financial aid and housing incentives, reflecting a more welcoming stance (Jaeger et al., 2022).

• In contrast, Afghan and Syrian refugees faced more stringent measures, with policies often focusing on containment and control rather than integration (Roberts et al., 2017).

Introducing the Intersectional Cultural Consciousness (ICC) Communication Model

To address these pervasive issues of bias and double standards in language, I developed the Intersectional Cultural Consciousness (ICC) Communication Model. This model fosters understanding, empathy, and connection across diverse identities while promoting mental well-being, social justice, and positive change.

Core Principles of the ICC Communication Model:

1. Acknowledge Intersectionality: Recognise that individuals are complex beings with multiple intersecting identities (race, gender, sexuality, ability, etc.). These identities shape their experiences, perspectives, and needs.

2. Cultivate Curiosity and Openness: Approach conversations with genuine curiosity and a willingness to learn about different cultural contexts and lived experiences. Avoid making assumptions or generalisations based on stereotypes.

3. Practice Active Listening: Listen attentively to what the other person is saying verbally and nonverbally. Reflect on their words and feelings to ensure understanding and demonstrate empathy.

4. Validate Emotions and Intentions: Acknowledge and validate the other person's emotions and intentions. While recognising the impact of their actions, seek to understand the motivations behind their behaviour.

5. Use Inclusive Language: Be mindful of your language, ensuring it is inclusive and respectful of diverse identities. Avoid using jargon, slang, or culturally insensitive terms.

6. Challenge Biases: Be aware of your biases and challenge them when they arise. Actively seek out perspectives that differ from your own and be open to having your assumptions challenged.

7. Collaborate and Co-Create Solutions: Work with the other person to find solutions honouring their unique needs and experiences. Avoid imposing your own beliefs or solutions on them.

8. Centre Power Dynamics: Acknowledge any power imbalances in the conversation and actively work to create a more equitable dynamic. This may involve giving the other person more space to speak, acknowledging their expertise, or advocating for their needs.

9. Practice Self-Reflection (With Grace): Regularly reflect on your communication patterns, biases, and mistakes with a focus on self-compassion and growth. Recognise that everyone makes mistakes, and use those moments as learning opportunities.

Incorporating Cumulative Identity-Based Stress (CIBS) Model

Building upon existing research on minority stress and intersectionality, I developed the Cumulative Identity-Based Stress (CIBS) model. This model is crucial for understanding the psychological impact of experiencing multiple forms of marginalisation and discrimination based on intersecting identities. It highlights how language-based discrimination contributes to chronic stress and internalised stigma, particularly for those with multiple marginalised identities.

Watch: "You're crazy!" How language affects our understanding of mental illness | Niyant Vora | TEDxIWU

Components of CIBS:

1. Identity-Based Stressors:

   • Processes: Experiences of discrimination, microaggressions, stereotype threat, and prejudice.

   • Interventions: Awareness campaigns, anti-discrimination policies, and supportive networks.

2. Minority Stress:

   • Processes: Chronic stress, internalised stigma, fear of discrimination.

   • Interventions: Support groups, resilience training, stigma reduction programs.

3. Intersectionality of Stress:

   • Processes: Interaction and compounding of multiple stressors.

   • Interventions: Comprehensive assessments, intersectionality-focused therapy, holistic support systems.

4. Psychological Impact:

   • Processes: Negative mental health outcomes such as anxiety, depression, PTSD, and substance abuse.

   • Interventions: Mental health services, crisis intervention, substance abuse programs.

5. Resilience and Coping Mechanisms:

   • Processes: Individual and community-based coping strategies.

   • Interventions: Resilience-building workshops, culturally responsive therapy, and community support initiatives.

Definition of CIBS: "Cumulative Identity-Based Stress (CIBS) is the compounded psychological impact of experiencing multiple forms of marginalisation and discrimination based on intersecting identities. It manifests as a heightened experience of stress, leading to negative mental health outcomes."

A recent publication by the Centre for Mental Health has presented empirical findings on the psychological effects of discrimination and inequality within the United Kingdom. This research substantiates the CIBS model, offering a comprehensive analysis of the mental health repercussions associated with these societal issues.

Research conducted by the Mental Health Foundation indicates that individuals from ethnic minority groups in the United Kingdom exhibit a higher prevalence of mental health issues compared to their white British counterparts. This disparity is attributed, in part, to the cumulative stress associated with experiences of discrimination.

Linking CIBS to Language and Identity

The constant bombardment of dehumanising terms like "illegal alien" and double standards in language contributes directly to CIBS for marginalised groups. This language-based marginalisation leads to chronic stress, internalised stigma, and adverse mental health outcomes, exacerbating the psychological burden on individuals with intersecting identities.

The Importance of Inclusive Language

Adopting inclusive language practices is essential in mitigating the effects of CIBS. Using respectful and affirming language promotes a sense of belonging and validation, helping to reduce the cumulative stress experienced by marginalised individuals.

Watch Words Matter: The Impact of Language on Mental Health (English)

Connecting CIBS to the ICC Communication Model

The principles of the ICC Communication Model, such as acknowledging intersectionality and using inclusive language, are practical tools for addressing and reducing CIBS. By fostering understanding, empathy, and connection across diverse identities, the ICC Communication Model helps to alleviate the psychological burden of cumulative identity-based stress.

Applications of the ICC Communication Model with CIBS

1. Therapy and Counselling:

   • Create a safe and inclusive space for clients to explore their identities, emotions, and experiences.

   • Tailor practices to consider clients' cultural backgrounds and intersectional identities.

2. Coaching and Mentoring:

   • Empower individuals to identify and achieve their goals while honouring their unique backgrounds and perspectives.

   • Incorporate mindscaping techniques to promote mental well-being.

3. Workplace Interactions:

   • Foster understanding and collaboration among colleagues from diverse backgrounds.

   • Implement DEEI training and develop inclusive policies to create a supportive environment.

4. Community Building:

   • Create inclusive and supportive communities where everyone feels seen, heard, and valued.

   • Promote cultural consciousness and mental well-being at community and national levels.

5. Social Justice Advocacy:

   • Communicate effectively with individuals and groups from diverse backgrounds to advocate for systemic change.

   • Enhance social cohesion and global citizenship through culturally conscious language and practices.

Embracing Culturally Conscious Language

To foster a more inclusive and empathetic society, we must be mindful of the language we use. Here are some principles and practical tips for humanising our discourse about cultural differences and minority groups:

• Choose Neutral Terms: Opt for neutral, descriptive terms that do not carry inherent judgement. For example, "undocumented immigrants" is a more neutral phrase than "illegal aliens," focusing on the legal status rather than criminalising the person.

• Acknowledge Individual Stories: Recognise the individuality and humanity of each person. Use person-first language, such as "people seeking asylum" instead of "asylum seekers," emphasising their identity as individuals first and foremost.

• Avoid Double Standards: Be consistent in your language choices. If you refer to Western migrants as "expats," extend the same courtesy to all migrants, regardless of their origin.

• Educate and Advocate: Raise awareness about the impact of dehumanising language and advocate for more inclusive alternatives. Education can help change entrenched habits and promote a more respectful dialogue.

• Listen and Learn: Engage with people from diverse backgrounds and listen to their experiences. Understanding their perspectives can help us choose words that reflect respect and empathy.

Diversity, Equity, Inclusion, and Belonging (DEIB)

Incorporating DEIB principles into our language practices is essential for creating equitable and supportive environments. Here are a few strategies:

• Reflect on Bias: Continuously reflect on and challenge personal biases in language use. This self-awareness is crucial for fostering an inclusive mindset.

• Amplify Marginalised Voices: Use language that amplifies and respects the voices of marginalised communities. Avoid speaking for them; instead, create platforms for their stories to be heard.

• Commit to Ongoing Learning: DEIB is an ongoing journey. Stay informed about evolving language preferences and the social contexts that shape them.

• Create Safe Spaces: Encourage open dialogue about language and its impact within organisations and communities. Safe spaces for discussion can lead to greater understanding and collective growth.

Moving Forward

Changing how we talk about people from different cultures and minority groups is crucial to a more inclusive and empathetic world. It requires a commitment to introspection, education, and ongoing dialogue. By choosing our words carefully, we can contribute to a culture that celebrates diversity and fosters genuine understanding.

Language is a powerful tool. Let's use it to uplift and humanise, ensuring that everyone, regardless of their background, is treated with the respect and dignity they deserve.

Interested in learning more about the CIBS model and its impact on your organisation or community? Book a complimentary consultation with me today to discuss fostering more inclusive and empathetic communication.

About the Author

As the founder of Bempong Talking Therapy (BTT), I've dedicated my career to revolutionising mental health care by integrating AI and cultural consciousness. My approach blends my personal experiences with an empathetic understanding of the unique challenges faced by diverse communities.

As a therapist and coach, I've been privileged to empower countless individuals to achieve their goals while honouring their unique backgrounds and perspectives. My passion for mental wellness has led me to become a leading figure in DEEI (Diversity, Equity, Equality, and Inclusion) initiatives, advocating for inclusive practices in organisations and communities.

I'm also a bestselling author, sharing my insights and experiences to reach a wider audience and contribute to the ongoing conversation about mental health. As a keynote speaker and leadership development facilitator, I've had the opportunity to inspire and guide organisations to embrace inclusivity and prioritise the well-being of their employees.

My work has been recognised with prestigious awards, including the LCCI SME London Businessperson of the Year 2024. I've also been honoured to be a finalist for 'Entrepreneur of the Year' at the Black Tech Achievement Awards, the SME National Business Awards, and the Black Talent Awards 2024.

Through BTT and my other endeavours, I am committed to advancing mental health care through technology and intersectionality, striving to create a world where everyone feels seen, heard, and empowered to thrive.